How Did Racial Attitudes and Economic Distress Shape 2016 Voting? New Findings on White vs. Other Voters

### The Puzzle of Trump's 2016 Victory

The debate over whether racial attitudes or economic distress drove voting behavior in the 2016 presidential election has been dominated by white voters, obscuring other groups' experiences.

#### Why This Matters

This study uses vote-validated data from the 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey (CCES), merged with ZIP code and county-level economic indicators to reveal:

* Racial Attitudes & White Voters: Strongly predict voting choices among whites, aligning with existing literature.

* Economic Distress & Voter Participation: Significantly reduced turnout specifically among people of color.

### Key Implications

Local economic hardship may have discouraged participation across racial lines. This complicates direct comparisons between the effects of race and economy on vote choice, particularly for non-white voters. It underscores that factors influencing who votes—and whom they elect—are intertwined.