How does ethnic geography influence peacekeeping success? This analysis argues that local conditions, specifically territorial control shaped by ethnic polarization, affect mission outcomes. Existing studies focus on individual UN operations but neglect how power dynamics between communities impact effectiveness.

This article examines the UN's decade-long mission in Sierra Leone (1997-2001) to understand the relationship between ethnic polarization and one-sided violence reduction:

* Ethnic Polarization & Territorial Control

* Contrary to conventional wisdom, peacekeepers are less effective when power asymmetries are high.

* This counterintuitive finding stems from two primary mechanisms: creating incentives for escalation against civilians and struggling more with separating/monitoring combatants in unequal areas.

* Sierra Leone Case Study

* UN troops initially reduced one-sided violence significantly, demonstrating the potential effectiveness of peacekeeping even amidst strong ethnic polarization.

* However, their success waned as power asymmetries increased throughout the mission period.

The findings highlight a crucial nuance in peacekeeping: its efficacy depends not just on the mission itself but also critically on the underlying ethnic conflict dynamics.