🔎 The Central Puzzle:

Tunisia’s 2018 municipal elections adopted strict gender quotas that produced near-parity between male and female elected councilors. Yet fewer than 20% of mayors—who are chosen from among elected list-heads—were women. This research investigates why quotas raised descriptive representation on councils but failed to convert into council leadership.

🧭 How the evidence was gathered:

• Analysis of official election results from the 2018 municipal contests
• An original survey of candidates who ran in those elections
• In-depth interviews with party actors and candidates

🔍 What parties did:

• Parties systematically placed female-headed lists in their weakest electoral districts, increasing the number of women elected as councilors but lowering the odds those women would be list-heads eligible for mayoral selection.
• This placement strategy disadvantaged female candidates during the mayor-selection process because mayors are drawn from elected list-heads.
• Interview and survey evidence indicate these placement choices were motivated by a desire to avoid 'displacing' men who occupy established political networks and clientelist positions.

💡 Key findings:

• Strict list quotas produced near-parity among elected councilors in 2018.
• Despite near-parity on councils, women comprised under 20% of mayors because parties concentrated female list-heads where electoral returns or internal promotion chances were weakest.
• Party elites used quota compliance to expand descriptive representation without disrupting existing male-dominated leadership structures.

⚖️ Why it matters:

These results show that quota laws alone do not guarantee leadership parity. Party-level strategies—particularly candidate placement and protection of established male networks—can blunt the effect of even strict quotas. The findings highlight the need to consider internal party incentives and mayor-selection rules when designing reforms aimed at improving substantive gender representation.