📌 Research Question

Do increases in women’s legislative representation causally reduce a state’s foreign military actions, and does that effect depend on whether legislatures must approve deployments?

📊 How Causality Is Identified

• Exploits as-if random variation from mixed-gender close races to generate causal leverage.
• Classified the gender of 270,553 candidates across 253 legislative elections in 50 countries.
• Compares outcomes where a woman’s narrow victory flips a seat versus a man’s narrow victory, isolating the effect of descriptive representation.

🔎 Key Findings

• Women’s close victories led to fewer state military actions, but this pacifying effect appeared only when military deployments required legislative approval (i.e., where the legislature held veto power).
• Analysis of roll-call behavior shows women legislators changed the dynamics of legislative decisionmaking: their presence reduced support for military deployment and appeared to influence other legislators’ votes.
• These patterns provide the first causal evidence that electing women to legislatures can alter a state’s use of force, conditional on institutional decision rules.

💡 Why It Matters

• Demonstrates that the gender-peace link operates through legislative channels rather than solely through executive preferences or country-level norms.
• Highlights the crucial role of institutional design: the presence of women matters for international conflict only when legislatures actually decide or can veto deployments.
• Offers policymakers and scholars a clearer causal pathway connecting descriptive representation, legislative voting, and state-level military behavior.