📊 A Century-Spanning Comparison (1900–2015)

From 1900 to 2015, autocracies that exclude a single majority ethnic group (for example, Bahrain, Syria, and Apartheid South Africa) remained in power twice as long as other autocracies. This surprising pattern runs counter to the conventional view that minority regimes are especially vulnerable to breakdown.

🧭 How Minority Rule Produces Unconditional Loyalty

The durability of these regimes is linked to a distinctive ethno-political configuration: the ruling minority’s fear of being subjected to majoritarian rule creates strong incentives for producing largely unconditional loyalty among its coethnic population. That loyalty manifests through three core mechanisms:

• In-group demobilization and policing — communities are encouraged or compelled to police themselves and reduce independent mobilization.
• Pro-regime countermobilization — coethnic groups activate in defense of the regime when challenged.
• Coethnic elite loyalty — elites from the ruling group align closely with the regime’s survival interests.

🔬 Evidence and Design: A Multi-Method Approach

• A novel dataset of minority regimes provides the quantitative basis for the century-long comparison.
• A focused case study of Bahrain, grounded in original interviews, illuminates the micro-level dynamics and the processes that produce loyalty.

⚖️ Key Findings and Conditions

• Minority autocracies that exclude a single majority ethnic group show substantially longer survival than other autocracies (about twice the duration).
• The combination of fear of majoritarian rule and institutional mechanisms for creating coethnic loyalty explains this durability.
• The article specifies the conditions under which ethnic group loyalty is likely to play a central role in autocratic survival, without claiming it is universal across all contexts.

🔔 Why It Matters

These results reshape understanding of regime stability by showing how ethnic structure and perceived existential threats to a ruling minority can produce resilient, self-reinforcing support systems for autocratic rule. The findings have implications for comparative scholarship on regime survival and for analysts assessing stability in ethnically stratified states.