🔎 Research Question

Do judges' prior careers—specifically experience as public defenders—shape criminal sentencing outcomes?

📚 What Was Examined

• Analysis of thousands of sentencing records comparing defendants assigned to judges with public defender experience versus those without.
• Focus on incarceration likelihood, sentence length, and the propensity to impose extreme punishments.

🧾 How The Analysis Was Conducted

• Large-scale examination of sentencing data to estimate differences in outcomes by judges' professional backgrounds.
• Comparisons highlight average effects for defendants assigned to former public defenders relative to other judges.

📊 Key Findings

• Defendants assigned to a former public defender are, on average, less likely to be incarcerated.
• Sentences for these defendants are sometimes shorter; a significant part of this shortening reflects a lower likelihood of extreme punishments from former public defenders.
• Even modest increases in the share of judges with public defender backgrounds can translate into thousands fewer people incarcerated.

💡 Why It Matters

• Demonstrates how judge characteristics contribute to disparities in the criminal legal system by affecting who goes to jail and how long they stay.
• Shows that judges' professional experience meaningfully influences decision-making in sentencing.
• Suggests a practical mechanism for political actors to shape criminal justice policy: selecting judges based on prior occupational experience.