📚 What Was Tested

Ongoing global debates over statues, street names, symbols, and textbooks raise questions about how different historical representations shape political life. Theoretical expectations hold that inclusive (and, conversely, exclusive) historical portrayals can alter marginalized group members’ sense of centrality to the nation, their entitlement to speak for it, and their likelihood of seeking leadership.

🧪 How the evidence was gathered

• Online experiment in India with N = 1,592 participants.
• Participants were randomly assigned short exercises drawn from official state textbooks presenting an exclusive, an inclusive, or a neutral representation of history.
• Outcomes combined an original, incentivized game measuring supply and demand for Muslim leadership with additional survey and behavioral measures of political attitudes and ambitions.

🔎 Key findings

• Inclusive historical narratives increased Muslim participants’ perceived centrality to the nation and their sense of entitlement to speak on its behalf.
• Inclusive narratives raised Muslims’ desire to assume leadership roles (supply) and increased demand for real-world Muslim leaders.
• These effects were observed using both the incentivized game and the supplemental survey/behavioral measures, underscoring the robustness of the pattern for the inclusive treatment.

⚖️ Why this matters

Battles over history and textbook content can have concrete political consequences: shaping who feels entitled and willing to lead and influencing the public’s demand for marginalized-group leaders. Such curricular and symbolic debates therefore matter not only for memory and identity, but for political recruitment, representation, and group empowerment.