This study traces lobbying activity across four California policymaking processes—legislative, executive, judicial, and ballot initiative. It shows that past advocacy success predicts future mobilization on the same issue when venue changes occur.

Data & Methods

The research analyzed lobbying patterns during policy debates in these different venues using a difference-in-differences approach.

Key Finding: Venue Change Drives Relocation

Groups who failed to achieve their policy goals were significantly more likely to mobilize again if the policy process shifted to another institutional venue. This suggests that multiple venues can offset initial venue advantages.

Group Differences in Relocation Patterns

• Public interest groups demonstrated greater propensity to relocate advocacy efforts across different venues

• Business groups showed less willingness to shift their focus or repeat within a single venue

Why It Matters

The findings highlight how the availability of multiple institutional pathways influences lobbying strategies and outcomes.