🔎 What This Introduces

A multinomial framework for ideal point estimation (mIRT) is developed using recent advances in Bayesian statistics. The core is a flexible multinomial specification that nests most common ideal-point models as "special cases," providing a single, unified representation for a wide class of models.

🧭 How The Framework Handles Extensions

• The framework readily incorporates popular extensions, including dynamic smoothing, inclusion of covariates, and network models.
• Estimation remains practical: models can be fit using either a Gibbs Sampler or an exact EM algorithm, preserving computational tractability even when extensions are added.

🛠️ Why a Shared Framework Matters

• By showing that many existing models can be written and estimated within the same multinomial template, the approach aims to reduce the proliferation of bespoke ideal-point models.
• The shared representation also broadens the ability of applied researchers to estimate models quickly using the EM algorithm.

📊 Applied Example — Scaling Survey Responses and Nonresponse (ANES)

• The framework is applied to the practical problem of scaling survey responses, focusing on the American National Election Study (ANES).
• A principled solution is proposed: treat survey questions as multinomial outcomes where nonresponse is modeled as a distinct category rather than ignored or imputed implicitly.

🔑 Key Findings (Exploratory)

• Certain ANES questions attract substantially more invalid or nonresponse answers.
• Many of these problematic questions—especially those that single out particular social groups for evaluation—appear to mask noncentrist (typically conservative) beliefs among respondents.
• Results are presented as exploratory evidence that treating nonresponse as a modeled category can reveal substantive measurement issues.

🌍 Why It Matters

• The mIRT framework offers a unified, flexible approach to ideal-point estimation that maintains computational feasibility while accommodating extensions.
• Treating nonresponse as an explicit category in survey scaling has the potential to improve measurement and uncover hidden ideological patterns in public opinion data.