Does direct democracy strengthen popular control over policies? A key challenge in measuring policy representation is capturing state-level public opinion through static methods. However, issue-specific attitudes change significantly over time—a limitation not addressed by traditional approaches.

This paper uses dynamic multilevel regression and poststratification (MRP) to analyze how same-sex relationship recognition policies evolve across US states with direct democracy systems, specifically examining changes in support for marriage.

📊 Methods: Dynamic MRP models analyzing state-level attitudes toward same-sex marriage over time. Direct democracy states are compared against others using longitudinal data from polls conducted between 2014 and 2020.

✅ Key Findings:

• Responsiveness: Higher alignment between policy decisions and shifting public opinion in direct democracy states.
• Congruence: Better match between enacted policies and dynamic public mood in these regions.

💡 Why It Matters: The study demonstrates that incorporating changing issue attitudes improves our understanding of how democratic systems respond to popular will. This approach provides crucial insights into evaluating policy congruence.