🔎 Argument — Sanctions as Tools for Authoritarian Consolidation

This article argues that economic sanctions often undermine democracy in targeted states. Economic hardship produced by sanctions can be leveraged by incumbent leaders to consolidate authoritarian rule, weaken opposition forces, and justify restrictions on political liberties by portraying sanctions as an external threat to regime survival.

📊 How the Evidence Was Assembled (Cross‑National Time‑Series, 1972–2000)

• Analysis uses time‑series cross‑national data covering 1972–2000.
• The research compares immediate (short‑run) and longer‑term effects of sanctions on democratic freedoms in target states.

🔍 Key Findings

• Both immediate and longer‑term effects of economic sanctions were associated with statistically significant reductions in levels of democratic freedoms in target countries.
• Comprehensive economic sanctions produced larger negative effects on democracy than limited sanctions.
• The mechanism identified emphasizes that economic pain can be converted into political advantage by targeted regimes: sanctions weaken opposition, raise incentives to curtail civil liberties, and enable leaders to frame repression as necessary to meet an external threat.

🔑 Why It Matters

Sanctions intended to coerce policy change can produce serious political externalities: rather than democratizing targets, sanctions may deepen authoritarian control and erode political rights and civil liberties. These results caution policymakers to consider the democratic costs of comprehensive economic pressure when designing coercive measures.