🔎 What Was Studied

Many developing countries increasingly deploy the military for domestic policing (constabularization) even though prior research suggests this approach can be counterproductive. This study asks whether visual features of armed actors—such as weapons, uniforms, gender, and skin tone—shape public views of law enforcement across several dimensions: perceived effectiveness, respect for civil liberties, proclivity for corruption, and acceptance of militarization in one’s neighborhood.

🧪 How the Test Worked

A nationally representative, image-based conjoint experiment was fielded in Mexico. Respondents were shown paired images that varied visual cues (including military weapons, uniforms, gender, skin color, and levels of military presence) and then evaluated the actors on the outcome measures listed above.

📈 Main Findings

• Military weapons and military uniforms both increased perceptions of law enforcement effectiveness and of respect for civil liberties.
• The positive effect of military uniforms on perceptions grew larger when respondents perceived greater military presence.
• Gender produced measurable differences in perceptions of civil liberties and of corruption (gender shapes these perceptions), while skin color produced no detectable effect.

💡 Why It Matters

• The results highlight a paradox: a core element of militarization that has been linked to greater violence—military weapons—also helps explain why militarized actors enjoy favorable public attitudes.
• Gender dynamics matter for how citizens evaluate civil liberties and corruption associated with armed actors, indicating a potential avenue for improving public perceptions of law enforcement.

These findings illuminate how surface-level visual signals can shape support for or against militarized policing in a developing-country context, with implications for policy debates about the domestic use of armed forces.