This study investigates whether third parties affect compliance with international trade rules. Policy Implications: Understanding the role of third parties could improve strategies for effective global trade governance.

The Core Question: How do non-governmental actors impact adherence to established trade norms?

* Methods: Drawing on extensive quantitative evidence and qualitative insights from multiple international case studies.

* Findings: The analysis reveals nuanced effects, sometimes facilitating compliance but other times complicating enforcement mechanisms.

The research shows that while third parties can provide expertise or legitimacy enhancing compliance, they also introduce complexities regarding accountability.