🔎 What Was Studied

This study asks whether walls, fences, and other border fortifications actually stop the international spread of violent militancy. The central finding is that fortifications sometimes reduce cross-border diffusion, but their effectiveness depends heavily on local conditions that affect a state's ability to monitor and police the border.

🗂️ How the Evidence Was Collected

• Uses newly collated data on interstate border fortifications.
• Analyzes a global sample of contiguous-state directed-dyad-years.
• Statistical analyses link the presence of barriers to subsequent patterns of militant activity moving across borders.

🔑 Key Findings

• Barriers can reduce the likelihood that militant activity diffuses across international borders, but this effect is conditional rather than universal.
• Two contextual factors strongly shape barrier effectiveness:
• Roughness of terrain: rugged areas make monitoring and patrolling more difficult.
• Local infrastructure development: poor infrastructure limits the ability to sustain surveillance and rapid response.
• Because barriers demand intensive manpower to monitor and patrol, rough terrain and weak infrastructure undermine the security benefits of walls and fences.
• Militants and rebels often prefer to operate in hard-to-monitor, poorly connected areas, which further reduces the containment value of fortifications.
• Overall, border fortifications are effective at limiting militant diffusion only in contexts where states can plausibly monitor and police their borders.

📌 Why This Matters

These results refine debates in national security and intrastate conflict by showing that physical barriers are not a one-size-fits-all solution. The findings also bear directly on policy discussions about border walls and fences, highlighting that investment in patrol capacity and infrastructure — not just physical barriers — determines whether fortifications will limit cross-border militancy.