📊 Data: V-Dem measures of civil-liberty equality (1900–2015)

This analysis draws on the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project to track changes in civil-liberty equality for gender and ethnic groups across the period 1900–2015. Civil-liberty equality is measured separately for gender and excluded ethnic groups to capture shifts in legal and political treatment.

🔍 Research Design: Comparing war types, outcomes, and long-term change

The approach compares periods following different conflict experiences—interstate wars, intrastate wars, and wars that end with government losses—examining whether and how each type of war alters the institutions that sustain ethnic and gender hierarchies. Attention is given to both immediate and long-term trajectories of equality.

🧾 Key Findings

• Interstate wars (conflicts between states) tend to be followed by gains in ethnic civil-liberty equality; intrastate wars do not show the same pattern for ethnic groups.
• Intrastate wars (internal or civil conflicts) are associated with long-term gains in gender civil-liberty equality.
• Wars that result in government losses or defeats are especially likely to produce improvements in civil-liberty equality along both gender and ethnic dimensions.
• When wars create openings for greater gender equality, those openings also tend to facilitate gains in equality for previously excluded ethnic groups, indicating linked dynamics across overlapping hierarchies.
• The effects of war are not uniform: conflict can disrupt institutions that sustain hierarchies, but it can also reinforce existing inequalities or produce a pendulum effect depending on context and war outcome.

💡 Why It Matters

These findings show that the type and outcome of war matter for redistribution of civil liberties across social groups. Understanding when war produces progressive change versus when it entrenches inequality helps explain historical shifts in political inclusion and informs expectations about the social consequences of contemporary conflicts.