🔎 What This Study Asks

When and under what circumstances can a congressional minority party influence legislative outcomes? The analysis identifies the conditions that let minority parties move beyond obstruction to shape which bills reach the floor, which become law, and the substance of resulting policy.

🧭 Core Argument: When Minorities Matter

The capacity of a minority party to exert legislative influence depends on three interacting factors:

• constraints on the majority party that create openings for the minority;
• cohesion within the minority party on the issue at hand;
• sufficient motivation for the minority to engage in legislating rather than focusing solely on electioneering.

📊 Data and Approach: Bill-Level Evidence, 1985–2006

• Quantitative analysis of every bill considered in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1985 to 2006.
• Case examples of notable lawmaking efforts during the same period to illustrate mechanisms and contextual variation.

💡 Key Findings

• The three-factor framework predicts which bills are brought to the House floor.
• The same conditions help explain which bills ultimately become law.
• When all three conditions align, minority parties not only affect procedure but also shape policy substance.

⚖️ Why This Matters

The results refine theories of congressional party power by showing that minority influence is conditional rather than exceptional. Understanding these conditions clarifies how minority parties can be consequential actors on Capitol Hill and informs expectations about party strategy and legislative outcomes.