Political responsiveness depends on officials' beliefs about public preferences. Existing work shows those perceptions are often distorted, but two questions remain: why reelection-seeking officials misperceive public preferences, and how to reduce those distortions.

🔎 The Puzzle Under Investigation

Misperceptions could stem from unequal exposure to different subconstituencies or from legislators projecting their own views onto voters. The research tests both mechanisms and evaluates interventions that might correct biased beliefs.

🧭 How beliefs were tracked and tested

• A six-wave panel of Swedish members of parliament (MPs) was linked to contemporaneous mass surveys to compare elite estimates with actual public preferences.
• A complementary experiment with Swiss representatives used real political events to test whether changing exposure to voters alters perceptions.

📊 Key findings

• Elite beliefs systematically overrepresent privileged voters: MPs’ perceptions disproportionately reflect the preferences of more advantaged subconstituencies.
• Personal projection is real: legislators’ own positions are a strong predictor of what they believe voters prefer.
• Both unequal exposure and projection jointly account for substantial distortions in elite beliefs about the electorate.

🛠️ What reduced misperceptions in the field experiment

• Encouraging a more balanced exposure to voters during real political events led to measurable reductions in misperceptions among Swiss representatives, demonstrating a practical route to improve accuracy.

⚖️ Why this matters

• Distorted elite beliefs help entrench economic and political inequalities by skewing representation toward privileged voices and officials’ personal views.
• The findings identify concrete mechanisms behind misperception and point to interventions—altering who representatives engage with—that can strengthen the link between voters and their representatives.