📌 Why Nonverbal Signals Matter

Voters evaluate politicians not only by words but also by facial expressions and vocal tone. Drawing on role congruity expectations, this study examines how candidate gender shapes both the use of and voter reactions to facial, vocal, and textual cues during televised debates.

📹 What Was Analyzed

• Full-length video and audio of four German federal election debates (2005–2017) plus one minor party debate
• Continuous, real-time responses recorded from live debate audiences

🧭 How Emotional Signals Were Measured

• Automated coding of facial displays of emotion from video
• Vocal pitch analysis from audio
• Speech sentiment from debate transcripts

These measures were combined to create a multi-modal portrait of candidate emotional expression.

📊 Key Findings

• Angela Merkel expressed less anger than her male opponents but was comparably emotive on other dimensions.
• Voters reacted differently to the same emotional displays depending on candidate gender, consistent with role congruity expectations.
• Specifically, live audience data show that Merkel faced negative reactions for displays of anger and received positive responses for happiness and for broader emotional expressiveness.

💡 Why It Matters

This evidence demonstrates that gendered expectations shape both how leaders display emotion and how voters interpret those displays, with concrete consequences for candidate evaluations during high-profile televised debates.