🔍 What was studied

Despite well-known links between income and turnout, causality remains uncertain. This study examines how exogenous increases in unearned household income affect voting in U.S. elections for two generations living in the same household: parents and their children.

🧾 Tracking an unearned income shock across generations

• An income intervention created an exogenous increase in household unearned income.
• Voting behavior was observed for parents and for children raised in those same households once children became eligible to vote.
• Analysis focuses on how the same income shock translated into civic participation across socioeconomic backgrounds.

📊 Key findings

• No measurable effect on parents’ voting behavior following the income shock, contrary to expectations from standard voting models.
• Heterogeneous effects among children: the income increase raised voting propensity for children raised in initially poorer families.
• The increase in children’s turnout substantially narrowed participatory gaps between socioeconomic groups.
• Results align with a view that voting is shaped by human capital accumulated well before voting age, suggesting limits to the standard resource model.

💡 Why it matters

These findings show that short-term household income boosts do not necessarily change adult turnout, but they can alter civic trajectories for the next generation—especially among those from poorer backgrounds—thereby reducing long-run participation inequalities. The evidence calls for a more nuanced understanding of how resources and early-life human capital interact to shape democratic engagement.