Democratic governments face timing constraints, but the strategic timing of bill initiation—especially under coalition rule—remains understudied.

⏳ What was investigated

A dynamic temporal perspective is developed in which ministers begin a term uncertain whether a coalition partner will be cooperative or competitive. Over time ministers learn about partner behavior and then use agenda control to time future bill initiations in response to that learning and to parliamentary scrutiny.

🔎 Data and Methods

• Circular regression analysis of more than 25,000 government bills
• Coverage: 11 parliamentary democracies over a 30-year period
• Key measures include parliamentary scrutiny of prior bills, coalition partners’ incentives to deviate from compromise, and ministers’ capacity to constrain scrutiny

📌 Key Findings

• Ministers initiate bills later in the term when their previous bills received greater scrutiny.
• Ministers delay further bill initiation when coalition partners’ incentives to deviate from compromise rise.
• Ministers also postpone bills when they have less agenda-control power to limit parliamentary scrutiny.

⚖️ Why it matters

These results show that timing is a strategic tool in coalition governance: ministers learn about partners and respond by pacing legislation. Accounting for temporal dynamics and agenda control changes understanding of legislative output, coalition bargaining, and the politics of scrutiny over the course of a term.