📌 What Was Studied

This research asks whether working in the public rather than the private sector causally affects electoral participation. Existing cross-sectional survey work is unpersuasive because of data limits and the possibility that people sort into jobs based on preferences that also drive turnout.

📊 How Causal Effects Were Identified

Population-wide individual-level register data on voter turnout were used, covering four Norwegian local and national elections between 2013 and 2019. Causal effects are identified by tracking the same individuals over time and exploiting within-person changes when experiencing:

• shifts between private- and public-sector employment,
• relocations between municipalities, and
• shifts into retirement.

🔎 Key Findings

• Local public-sector employees show 1–3 percentage points higher voter turnout compared with private-sector employees.
• The turnout advantage is strongest when public-sector employment is located in the employee's residential municipality.
• The turnout boost largely dissipates upon retirement.

⚖️ Why It Matters

These results suggest that the civic effects of public employment are causal, tied to workplace and place-based contexts, and temporary once employment ends. The findings speak to how labor-market institutions and local embeddedness shape electoral participation and help resolve concerns about selection bias in prior survey-based work.