This research asks whether native Europeans' bias against Muslim immigrants is driven by the belief that Muslims hold conservative views on women's rights, and whether shared gender ideas can reduce that bias. The hypothesis predicts that this ideational basis for discrimination is especially pronounced among native women.

🧪 How the street test worked

• A large-scale field experiment was conducted in 25 cities across Germany.
• During the experiment, 3,797 unknowing bystanders experienced brief social encounters with confederates who revealed their views on gender roles.

📊 What was measured and followed up

• Observational data recorded bystanders' responses to confederates who were identified as Muslim women and who signaled either conservative or progressive gender attitudes.
• An implicit association test (IAT) and a follow-up survey of German adults were used to probe underlying stereotypes and broader public opinion.

🔍 Key findings

• Significant discrimination against Muslim women was observed in street encounters.
• That discrimination disappeared when Muslim women signaled progressive attitudes toward gender roles.
• Evidence indicates that anti-Muslim bias is strongly linked to the belief that Muslims hold conservative views about women's rights.
• The ideational component of this bias was more pronounced among native women.
• Results from the IAT and survey corroborate the central role of gender-attitude stereotypes in structuring opposition to Muslims.

🧭 Why it matters

These findings show that perceived cultural distance on gender norms helps drive anti-Muslim discrimination, but that signaling shared progressive gender attitudes can neutralize that bias. The results point to a practical route for reducing native–immigrant conflict in contexts of increased cross-border migration.