An experiment conducted across multiple election cycles reveals how campaign tactics evolve in reaction to ballot position changes.

The Ballot Position Effect: This study demonstrates that candidates' advertising and messaging strategies significantly adapt based on their placement high or low on the ballot. The findings challenge previous assumptions about fixed campaign approaches, showing responsiveness to positional effects.

* When placed higher on ballots, campaigns increase attack ads targeting opponents.

* Candidates lower in position invest more resources in positive self-promotion.

Why It Matters: This nuanced understanding of voter perception and strategic adaptation can improve election forecasting models. Campaign consultants and political strategists should consider ballot order as a dynamic variable rather than static information.