How do military leaders' traits influence battlefield outcomes? This study analyzes over 250 American Civil War battles using original battle-level data and detailed commander biographies. The analysis reveals that competent commanders significantly improved battlefield success for Union forces, while loyal Confederates demonstrated similar effectiveness despite their loyalties being traditionally viewed negatively.

The findings highlight a critical tension: how competence (a key organizational attribute) and allegiance (an emotional trait often seen as detrimental to outcomes in conflict studies) interacted during the war. This research provides direct evidence of the relationship between appointee traits and battlefield performance, creating an opportunity for scholars across political science subfields to examine leadership dynamics with greater precision.

💡 Data & Methods:

• Original American Civil War battle-level data
• Biographical information on hundreds of commanders

🔍 Key Findings:

• Competence consistently associated with Union success in battles
• Loyalty positively correlated with Confederate battlefield effectiveness

📚 Why It Matters:

This study directly addresses the relationship between military appointments and performance outcomes, offering insights for conflict studies, bureaucratic politics research, and leadership theory.