This study investigates whether the relationship between political responsibility and electoral accountability is truly causal or shaped by adaptive strategies tied to specific policies.

Context: In democratic systems, voters often expect elected officials to be held accountable for their promises. But how does this dynamic play out across different policy domains?

* The paper explores this question using original survey data from three countries: the US, Germany, and Japan collected via a custom-designed online questionnaire.

* It employs mixed-methods analysis combining quantitative regression techniques with qualitative case studies to uncover patterns in voter behavior.

Findings: Contrary to simple assumptions of direct causality:

* The link appears significantly weaker when policy issues are highly salient or polarizing.

* Voters adapt their assessment criteria based on the specific type of political responsibility being promised (e.g., economic vs. social).

* Contextual factors like party identification and media exposure heavily influence how accountability is perceived in different situations.

Implications: These nuanced findings suggest representation scholars must reconsider traditional models by incorporating voter adaptation strategies across varying policy contexts.