This study compares ingroup love and outgroup hate among partisans. Contrary to common assumptions, it finds that partisan identity significantly influences how citizens view both their own group and opposing groups.

### Research Questions

• What drives stronger emotional ties for partisans?
• When does dislike of the opposition outweigh support for one's own side?

The findings suggest that political alignment shapes perceptions in complex ways, often amplifying feelings toward opponents while also fostering loyalty to supporters. This nuanced understanding provides crucial insights into American electoral behavior and polarization dynamics.