New research reveals how voter discrimination impacts the election of ethnic minority candidates in the UK, affecting both descriptive representation (who is elected) and substantive representation (what policies are supported). Using a conjunct experiment with British voters, this study finds that while white voters penalize Pakistani Muslim candidates for their ethnicity alone, they support black Caribbean candidates equally to white ones. However, black Caribbean candidates face "conditional discrimination," meaning their support drops when they advocate pro-minority policies.

White British voters show surprising willingness to back minority candidates despite potential prejudice, particularly among those with cosmopolitan views and strong anti-prejudice norms. This mixed evidence suggests that achieving true diversity in political representation requires addressing multiple forms of voter bias simultaneously.

Key findings:

* Pakistani Muslim candidates face direct ethnic penalty at the ballot box

* Black Caribbean candidates receive same support as white British counterparts, but penalized for pro-minority positions (conditional discrimination)

* Affirmative action initiatives also hurt minority candidate success

* Some white voters demonstrate anti-prejudice preferences against their own interest calculations

Implications:

This nuanced understanding of voter behavior helps explain why achieving equitable descriptive and substantive representation remains challenging despite parties' efforts to diversify candidate pools.