This article examines how natural disasters impact partisan retrospection and U.S. presidential election outcomes.

### Data & Methods

The study analyzes historical election data alongside records of significant natural disasters occurring during campaign periods.

It employs quantitative analysis to identify patterns across multiple election cycles.

### Key Findings

• Voters reevaluate party performance following major natural events

• Disaster severity correlates with increased retrospective voting intensity

• Geographic proximity affects how strongly disasters influence voter decisions

### Why It Matters

These findings offer new insights into the mechanisms by which external crises shape political perceptions and electoral behavior.