The idea that rulers seek consent for policy is central to democracy.

Our Argument:

Rulers historically governed through joint councils when facing information asymmetry, making resource extraction difficult. We propose that localized agricultural limitations increased this problem, pushing leaders toward council governance or bureaucracy as solutions.

Evidence & Methodology:

We tested our hypothesis using the Standard Cross Cultural Sample dataset, finding a strong correlation between lower agricultural suitability and council-based systems in early societies.

Key Findings:

• Information asymmetry drove innovation in governance structures

• Agricultural productivity directly influenced decision-making processes

• Councils and bureaucracies both emerged as adaptive solutions to information challenges

Implications for Future Research:

The relationship between resource availability, information constraints, and political institutions remains a critical area of investigation.