This study examines presidential representation of African Americans through two lenses—rhetoric and policy.

Speeches, Budget Proposals

Researchers analyzed speeches and budget data to compare African American presidents with their predecessors. Using quantitative methods, they assessed how well these leaders represented minority interests in words versus actions.

### Key Findings

• 📊 Obama's racial representation was significantly weaker than expected through rhetoric but stronger on poverty policy compared to other presidencies
• He demonstrated superior policy outcomes on race and poverty while his public communication fell short of full representation

### What This Means

This research uncovers an important tension between descriptive and substantive minority representation. The findings suggest that African American presidents may excel in translating policies but fall short in rhetorical framing.