This study examines how American democratization evolved regarding African Americans' voting rights between 1785 and 1868.

New Data & Perspective: Using quantitative analysis of historical party speeches, it uncovers a previously unexamined shift in partisan attitudes toward black suffrage. This approach integrates state politics from earlier periods than typically done in literature.

### Polarization Transformation

Contrary to established views, the ideological alignment over restricting or expanding black voting rights changed significantly before the Civil War era. The research shows legislators were influenced more by party leaders and social movements' framing than directly by electoral outcomes.

#### Legislative Responses Were Driven By Framing Strategies

Evidence reveals three key types of arguments used to justify denying black suffrage:

* National unity appeals

* Pragmatic accommodations citing racist public opinion

* Arguments linking voting rights denial to slavery complicity or republican ideals violations

Legislators responded differently depending on the specific frame employed.

### Implications For Understanding Suffrage Reform

This analysis shows suffrage reform in later periods was part of a longer process involving both electoral shifts and programmatic activism. It highlights how conflicts over African American citizenship became increasingly politicized.