This article examines all tests of advocacy theories published in 25 major journals between 2000 and 2018. We analyzed nineteen distinct theories, each proposing that advocacy affects policy primarily through electoral concerns.

Data & Methods:

We conducted a comprehensive review across political science and sociology journals covering the period from 2000 to 2018. This systematic analysis included all theory-testing articles published during this timeframe in these specific outlets.

Key Findings:

Across our sample, nineteen theories were tested—each seeking to explain advocacy influence for interest groups, social movements, or NGOs. Unfortunately, only twelve of these nineteen matched the empirical evidence presented in their respective studies.

🔍 What The Data Shows:

• Advocacy's impact on policy is consistently attributed to electoral dynamics across theoretical frameworks • Substantial alignment exists between theory predictions and observed outcomes (around 50%) • A notable gap persists despite widespread acceptance of these core mechanisms

💡 What This Means For Political Science Research:

Current practice falls short in properly contextualizing findings within existing literature. Most studies neglect to clearly articulate the incremental contribution or limitations of their specific tests.

➡️ Future Directions:

• More systematic assessments are needed—articles frequently overlook opportunities to test competing theories directly • Breaking down silos between political science subdisciplines could enhance theoretical development and empirical testing • Research should explicitly track how findings advance our collective understanding