Contrary to popular assumptions that poverty drives support for militant groups, a new study shows poor Pakistanis often dislike extremists more than the middle class. Using data from a 6,000-person national survey measuring affect toward four major militant organizations, researchers mitigate social desirability biases by capturing respondents' emotions rather than direct stances.

🔍 Research Design

A nationally representative survey of 6,000 Pakistanis measured participants’ emotional responses (like or dislike) toward key militant groups

✅ Key Measurement Advance

Capturing affect avoids social desirability bias and item nonresponse issues common in previous studies on militancy

📊 Urban Poor Contrast

Pakistan's urban poor were found to be less supportive of militants than middle-class citizens, challenging the poverty-as-root-cause narrative

💥 Exposure Effect

The effect was strongest among those living near areas with high exposure to violent incidents and terrorist attacks

🔄 Theory Revision

This finding suggests long-held arguments linking militant support directly to income levels may require substantial rethinking