When governments regulate other governments, compliance dynamics differ dramatically from those involving private firms.

This study reveals a unique pattern:

governments violate regulatory laws significantly more often than private entities do and are less responsive to enforcement actions.

We argue that this stems from two key factors: distinct compliance costs for public vs. private actors,

and the greater political influence wielded by government agencies themselves compared to independent firms.

Data & Methods:

Our analysis centers on regulatory adherence in environmental governance, drawing primarily from empirical data on U.S. Clean Air Act and Safe Drinking Water Act violations involving both public and private entities.

Specifically, we track:

• Compliance rates across sectors

• Patterns of enforcement action outcomes

• Comparative cost-benefit analyses for different actors

Key Findings:

Our results clearly demonstrate that government agencies face fundamentally different compliance pressures than do private firms.

They violate regulations more frequently and exhibit less responsiveness to penalties, likely due to their greater institutional capacity

to circumvent or influence enforcement mechanisms through internal political processes.

This finding stands in stark contrast to conventional regulatory theories which assume uniform firm behavior.

Why It Matters:

These insights fundamentally reshape our understanding of descriptive representation:

governments often fail to embody the very principles they seek to enforce on others.

This research uncovers crucial tensions within bureaucratic systems and suggests a need for rethinking

typical models of regulatory compliance entirely when dealing with intergovernmental relationships.

💡 The article explores how government agencies themselves, as regulators or regulated entities, interact differently with environmental regulations compared to private firms.