Previous experiments on ethnic minority discrimination measured only response rates to fictional requests. However, this approach misses a key distinction.

Researchers conducted a conjoint experiment across all German welfare offices by randomly varying five applicant traits and designing realistic scenarios. They analyzed not just who responded but the quality of that interaction.

Key findings:

• Response rates were statistically identical regardless of ethnicity.
• Non-Germans consistently received significantly lower quality responses.
• This discrimination potentially discourages applications for crucial benefits.
• It appears more severe in locally-run offices than nationally-affiliated ones.

This nuanced understanding demonstrates that simplistic measures like response rates alone cannot capture the full extent of bureaucratic inequality.