The rise of international courts has dramatically changed how oppressive leaders are treated when arrested. This paper examines the shift by analyzing exile patterns using a newly compiled global dataset tracking leaders from 1946 to 2023.

Key findings reveal that while both guilty and innocent leaders fled abroad before, today culpable ones face a six-fold higher risk of capture during exile—a trend not seen previously. This analysis directly addresses ongoing debates about international justice's effects on atrocities or conflict duration by showing how the changing nature of exile creates complex consequences for global politics.

📊 Data & Methods:

• Analyzed archives from 1946–2023 tracking elite political figures' fates after arrest
• Compared historical patterns against contemporary data sources

🔍 Findings:

• Previously, guilty and non-guilty leaders fled abroad at virtually identical rates
• Today, extradition risks have increased dramatically for those who try to escape

🧠 Political Science Implications:

• The justice cascade creates unintended consequences by altering traditional exile pathways
• Future research must consider the trade-offs between preventing atrocities and prolonging conflicts