The origins of modern party-based voting are revisited using individual elector-level data from 19th-century UK poll books.

Data & Methods: Analysis draws on detailed panel data from Victorian-era poll records.

Key Findings:

* Voters became strongly partisan by the time of the 1867 Franchise Extension;

* Decline in candidate-centered voting was driven primarily by shifts among the newly enfranchised working class;

* The pre-1967 alignment of the working class with Liberals stemmed from their programmatic appeal.

Why It Matters:

This early political alignment cannot be fully explained by anti-vote buying sentiment alone. Instead, it underscores how specific party platforms influenced voting behavior centuries before contemporary understandings emerged.

The findings suggest that this historical pattern of ideological attachment to parties is crucial for explaining the subsequent evolution of British electoral politics.