Electoral rules powerfully shape how lawmakers representing minority groups champion those interests. Using New Zealand's distinctive Mäori seats system, this study examines parliamentary behavior.

Data & Methods

This paper analyzes voting patterns and policy advocacy of Mäori Members of Parliament elected under three different rule frameworks in New Zealand.

Key Findings

Mäori MPs only strongly defend their ethnic group's interests when electoral incentives specifically push them to do so. Group membership alone does not drive representation; it is the rules that matter most.

Policy Implications

This finding has major implications for designing fair political systems worldwide. It shows reserved seats mechanisms must be carefully calibrated to avoid unintended effects.